???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? {????? ???????|???????? ????????|????????). ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? … Read More

In 710/718, the brilliant general Tariq ibn Ziyad launched/embarked on/undertook a daring invasion/campaign/expedition across the Strait of Gibraltar. His objective: to conquer/claim/capture the then-Roman fortress of Calpe. With an army of approximately 10,000/7,000/8,000 Berbers and Arabs, he faced/overcame/dealt with the Visigothic forces under … Read More